Gregory Ho Wai Son

While monitoring can spark accountability and progress, it often comes at the cost of distorting the very goals it seeks to improve. Drawing on James C. Scott’s Seeing Like a State, the article highlights how metrics can backfire when misaligned with

Building on Part I, this opinion piece explores the relativity of Malaysia's income classifications and their implications for social policy.

Current approaches to classifying the poor or the middle class through income orexpenditure patterns utilize a predetermined standard of living to arrive at demarcationlines in the household income distribution, either in absolute or relative terms.