Publications

This report examines approaches in public policies in addressing households’ needs, especially those with limited economic resources. It also discusses the welfare policies that have evolved from focusing on the households in absolute poverty to the poorest 40% households (B40). The analytical framework of this study is anchored on an integrated analysis of household income and consumption—two measures acknowledged in the literature as good proxies in capturing households’ material well-being and in comparing the distribution of living standards across households.

Every day, about 3 billion (b) cups of coffee are consumed globally. There are over 66 species of coffee but two of the most common cultivated species are Arabica and Robusta. In Malaysia, Robusta and Liberica are varieties commonly grown by coffee planters.

International trade is embedded in nearly every economy in the world. Economists have arrived at a consensus that trade liberalisation has paved the way for countries to develop and prosper, which is especially true for small and open economies such