This paper explores the roots of the US-Israeli conflict with Iran. It covers the impact on global energy and supply chains while examining how war, sanctions, and regional tensions continue to destabilise the Middle East.

This discussion paper constructs a longer historical arc (than the war in Iran) to examine Malaysia/Southeast Asia’s food dependencies within the geoeconomic rivalry of the US and China. It highlights the need for stronger local production without falling into food isolationism, supported by existing ASEAN cooperation mechanisms.

Digital empowerment can help Malaysia’s micro and small enterprises (MSMEs) move from survival to sustainable growth. The paper analyses adoption gaps, productivity constraints, and structural barriers, while assessing how digital tools and supportive policies enable scaling, improve competitiveness, and strengthen long-term economic resilience across the sector effectively overall.

Launched in 2023, MyDigital ID enables Malaysians to access multiple government and selected private digital services using a single verified login. As a Single Sign On (SSO) platform, it simplifies access, reduces repeated verification and supports more efficient delivery of digital services. These practical benefits make authentication a sensible and appropriate starting point for a national digital identity initiative. International experience shows that many digital identity systems begin with authentication and develop gradually over time. In several countries, SSO has served as a foundation on which additional capabilities were introduced after governance arrangements, safeguards and public confidence were well established. In this respect, MyDigital ID’s current focus does not limit future options. Rather, it provides immediate value while preserving flexibility for future policy choices that align with national priorities. This research finds that MyDigital ID is progressing positively as a secure and reliable authentication platform within Malaysia’s broader digitalisation agenda. Its technical design aligns with recognised security standards, while its role as a verification layer that relies on authoritative government databases supports both system integrity and privacy protection. As adoption increases and integration expands, continued attention to governance clarity, accessibility and long-term planning can further strengthen public understanding and confidence in the system. Viewed in this way, MyDigital ID can be understood as a public digital asset that delivers immediate service improvements while remaining adaptable to future needs. A measured and phased approach allows benefits to be realised today, while ensuring that policy choices remain aligned with institutional readiness and public expectations.